Vitamin D3 + K2 | Supplement Guide
FORGED LINE COLLECTIVE | SUPPLEMENT GUIDE
Bone health. Calcium regulation. Immune function. What the science supports.
Research reviewed: November 2026
The Bottom Line
Vitamin D and vitamin K are essential fat-soluble nutrients with important but distinct physiological functions.
Vitamin D supports calcium absorption, normal bone mineralization, and immune function.
Vitamin K is required for the activation of proteins involved in normal blood clotting and bone metabolism.
Because these nutrients participate in related processes, combining vitamin D3 and K2 has become increasingly popular.
However, biological relationships do not automatically establish that taking them together produces superior clinical outcomes.
What you should know:
- Vitamin D: Essential for calcium absorption and normal bone health.
- Vitamin K: Required for normal blood clotting and activation of certain bone-related proteins.
- Vitamin D3: Generally more effective than D2 at maintaining blood vitamin D concentrations.
- Vitamin K2: Includes several menaquinones, such as MK-4 and MK-7.
- Bone health: Established nutritional roles, but supplementation outcomes depend on individual needs.
- Cardiovascular health: Evidence that K2 supplementation prevents arterial calcification or cardiovascular events remains inconclusive.
- Immune function: Vitamin D has important physiological roles, but additional supplementation does not guarantee improved immunity.
- Safety: Excessive vitamin D can cause toxicity, while vitamin K can interfere with warfarin and related medications.
The goal is adequate nutritional status, not simply taking larger doses or assuming that combining two nutrients makes them more effective.
Essential nutrients deserve evidence-based decisions, not exaggerated promises.
What Is Vitamin D3?
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient that also functions as a precursor to a hormone involved in calcium regulation.
The body produces vitamin D when ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation reaches the skin. Vitamin D can also be obtained from food and supplements.
Two important forms are:
Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol): Found in certain fungi and fortified foods.
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol): Produced in human skin and found in animal-derived foods and supplements.
Both forms can raise vitamin D concentrations, although D3 generally produces greater and more sustained increases in blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
The liver converts vitamin D into 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the primary marker used to assess vitamin D status.
Further conversion produces calcitriol, the biologically active hormone.
What Is Vitamin K2?
Vitamin K is another fat-soluble nutrient required for the activation of certain proteins.
Two major forms are:
Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone): Found primarily in leafy green vegetables.
Vitamin K2 (Menaquinones): A family of compounds found in some fermented foods and animal products.
K2 includes different forms, particularly MK-4 and MK-7.
These forms differ in their chemical structure, metabolism, and circulation time.
Vitamin K supports the activation of proteins involved in blood clotting and bone metabolism.
However, the fact that K2 participates in these processes does not establish that taking additional K2 improves cardiovascular or bone outcomes in every individual.
Dietary Sources
Vitamin D
Sources include:
- Fatty fish, including salmon and trout.
- Fortified milk and certain plant beverages.
- Fortified foods.
- Egg yolks.
- Vitamin D supplements.
Sunlight also contributes to vitamin D production, but the amount varies with season, geography, skin pigmentation, clothing, and other factors.
Vitamin K
Sources include:
- Leafy greens such as kale and spinach (primarily K1).
- Certain fermented foods, including natto (rich in MK-7).
- Some cheeses and animal products.
- Vitamin K supplements.
A balanced diet can contribute both nutrients, although vitamin D intake may be insufficient in some populations.
How Vitamin D3 and K2 Work
Calcium Absorption
Vitamin D helps regulate intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption.
Adequate vitamin D is essential for normal bone mineralization.
Bone-Related Proteins
Vitamin K is needed to activate proteins such as osteocalcin, which participates in bone metabolism.
Vascular Biology
Vitamin K also activates matrix Gla protein, which helps regulate mineralization in vascular tissues.
However, activating these proteins does not prove that K2 supplements prevent arterial calcification or cardiovascular disease.
Practical takeaway: Vitamin D and K have complementary physiological roles, but clinical benefits from combining supplements must be demonstrated in human trials.
What Does the Research Support?
1. Vitamin D and Bone Health
Evidence strength: Strong for its essential physiological role; supplementation benefits depend on the population.
Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and normal bone mineralization.
Severe deficiency can cause osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children.
Correcting deficiency is important for maintaining normal skeletal function.
However, supplementation does not automatically improve bone density or prevent fractures in adults who already have adequate vitamin D status.
Large randomized trials have not consistently demonstrated fracture prevention from routine vitamin D supplementation in generally healthy, community-dwelling adults.
Practical takeaway: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, but additional supplementation is most relevant when there is a nutritional or clinical need.
2. Vitamin K2 and Bone Health
Evidence strength: Mixed and formulation-dependent.
Vitamin K is required to activate osteocalcin, a protein involved in bone metabolism.
Some trials and meta-analyses have reported improvements in selected bone-related markers or bone mineral density with certain K2 formulations.
However, findings vary with the form of K2, dose, population, and study duration.
Evidence that routine K2 supplementation prevents fractures in generally healthy adults remains insufficient.
Results from studies using pharmaceutical doses of MK-4 should not automatically be applied to lower-dose MK-7 supplements.
3. Does Combining D3 and K2 Work Better?
Evidence strength: Insufficient for broad claims of superiority.
Vitamin D and vitamin K participate in related aspects of calcium and bone metabolism.
This has led to claims that taking them together is necessarily more effective than taking vitamin D alone.
Some studies suggest potential benefits for selected bone-related outcomes.
A 2020 meta-analysis of eight randomized trials involving 971 participants reported improvements in total bone mineral density with combined vitamin D and vitamin K supplementation. Results varied by population, formulation, and study design.
These findings are encouraging, but they do not establish that every D3/K2 supplement is superior to vitamin D alone or prevents fractures.
The combination should not be marketed as proven to prevent osteoporosis, fractures, or vascular calcification.
Practical takeaway: Complementary biological functions are not the same as demonstrated clinical synergy.
4. Calcium and Resistance Training
Bone health involves more than vitamin supplementation.
Adequate calcium and protein intake, weight-bearing activity, progressive resistance training, and appropriate medical evaluation all contribute to skeletal health.
Supplements cannot replace these foundations.
Vitamin K2 and Cardiovascular Health
Evidence strength: Inconclusive for preventing cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin K plays an important role in activating proteins involved in vascular mineralization.
One of these proteins, matrix Gla protein (MGP), helps regulate calcium deposition in blood vessel tissues.
Because vitamin K is required for MGP activation, researchers have investigated whether vitamin K2 supplementation might influence arterial calcification.
However, demonstrating a biological mechanism is not the same as demonstrating improved cardiovascular outcomes.
Does K2 Prevent Arterial Calcification?
Some observational studies have associated higher dietary vitamin K2 intake with lower cardiovascular risk.
However, observational associations cannot establish cause and effect.
Clinical research has produced some encouraging findings. A 2023 meta-analysis of 14 randomized trials involving 1,533 participants reported slower coronary artery calcification progression with vitamin K supplementation.
A 2026 randomized trial involving 180 patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease found that 360 mcg MK-7 daily slowed coronary calcification progression over two years compared with placebo.
However, these findings concern selected populations, preparations, and imaging outcomes. They do not establish that routine K2 supplementation prevents heart attacks, strokes, or cardiovascular death.
Does K2 Direct Calcium Into Bones?
A common marketing claim is that vitamin K2 directs calcium into bones and prevents it from accumulating in arteries.
This is an oversimplification.
Vitamin K supports activation of proteins involved in bone and vascular mineralization, but calcium regulation involves numerous interacting physiological systems.
There is insufficient clinical evidence to claim that K2 supplements redirect calcium between tissues in a way that reliably prevents cardiovascular disease.
Does Combining D3 and K2 Protect the Heart?
Not established.
Although vitamin D and K have related physiological roles, clinical trials have not demonstrated that routine combined supplementation prevents heart attacks, strokes, or cardiovascular death.
The benefits of correcting nutrient deficiencies should not be confused with claims that additional supplementation prevents disease in people with adequate nutritional status.
Practical takeaway: Vitamin K2 has legitimate physiological functions, but supplements should not be marketed as proven protection against arterial calcification or cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin D and Immune Function
Evidence strength: Strong for normal immune function; mixed for supplementation benefits.
Vitamin D participates in both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Immune cells contain vitamin D receptors, and vitamin D influences several processes involved in immune regulation.
However, an essential physiological role does not establish that taking additional vitamin D improves immunity in everyone.
Clinical trials examining supplementation for respiratory infections have produced mixed results.
Some analyses suggest modest benefits in certain populations, particularly people with low vitamin D status, but findings are inconsistent.
Vitamin D should not be marketed as a universal immune booster or a treatment for infections.
Practical takeaway: Maintaining adequate vitamin D status supports normal immune function. More vitamin D does not necessarily mean better immunity.
Vitamin D and Muscle Performance
Evidence strength: Strong for correcting deficiency; limited for performance enhancement in adequately nourished adults.
Vitamin D is involved in normal muscular and neuromuscular function.
Severe deficiency can contribute to muscle weakness and impaired physical function.
Correcting deficiency may improve related symptoms in affected individuals.
However, randomized trials have not consistently demonstrated improvements in strength, power, or athletic performance from additional vitamin D in adults who already have adequate levels.
Vitamin D is not an established ergogenic supplement for otherwise healthy, vitamin-D-sufficient athletes.
What About Vitamin K2?
Vitamin K has important physiological functions, but evidence that K2 supplementation independently improves muscle strength, exercise recovery, or athletic performance remains insufficient.
Combining K2 with D3 does not establish additional performance benefits.
Vitamin D3 + K2 and Healthy Aging
Maintaining adequate nutrient intake becomes important with age, particularly for skeletal health and physical function.
Vitamin D and K contribute to normal processes involving bones and other tissues.
However, studies have not established that routine combined D3 and K2 supplementation extends lifespan or reliably prevents age-related disease.
Healthy aging depends on multiple factors, including adequate nutrition, resistance training, physical activity, sleep, and management of medical conditions.
Importantly, the Endocrine Society identifies adults aged 75 and older as one population that may benefit from empiric vitamin D supplementation, although its guidance generally favors daily, lower-dose approaches rather than intermittent high doses.
The FLC perspective: Supplementation should address meaningful nutritional needs. Essential nutrients are not automatically anti-aging treatments.
Evidence-Based Dosing and Daily Requirements
Vitamin D and vitamin K have different intake recommendations.
More is not automatically better, particularly with fat-soluble vitamins.
Vitamin D Requirements
The U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin D is:
- Adults 19–70: 600 IU (15 mcg) daily.
- Adults over 70: 800 IU (20 mcg) daily.
These amounts assume minimal sun exposure and include dietary and supplemental intake.
The adult Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is 4,000 IU (100 mcg) daily.
The UL is not a recommended target. Higher doses may be appropriate in specific clinical circumstances under professional supervision.
The 2024 Endocrine Society guideline recommends that generally healthy adults younger than 75 meet established vitamin D intake recommendations rather than routinely supplementing above those amounts for disease prevention.
However, the guideline identifies selected populations who may benefit from additional vitamin D, including adults aged 75 and older, pregnant individuals, and people with high-risk prediabetes.
These recommendations concern specific populations and health outcomes. They do not establish 5,000 IU daily as an appropriate dose for everyone.
Vitamin K Requirements
The U.S. Adequate Intake (AI) for total vitamin K is:
- Adult men: 120 mcg daily.
- Adult women: 90 mcg daily.
These recommendations apply to total vitamin K, not specifically K2.
There is no established RDA specifically for MK-7 or a proven optimal K2 dose for preventing cardiovascular disease.
Understanding Vitamin D Blood Tests
Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is the primary marker used to assess vitamin D status.
Interpretation depends on individual circumstances and clinical guidance.
Routine testing is not recommended for every otherwise healthy adult.
People with relevant medical conditions or suspected deficiency may require individualized testing and treatment.
High-Dose Vitamin D Considerations
Some combination supplements contain 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 per serving.
5,000 IU exceeds the standard adult UL of 4,000 IU daily.
This does not automatically mean that such a dose causes harm, but it should not be presented as a routine daily requirement for everyone.
High-dose supplementation warrants consideration of:
- Existing vitamin D intake.
- Relevant medical conditions.
- Calcium metabolism.
- Other supplements and medications.
- Whether professional monitoring is appropriate.
Does K2 Make High-Dose D3 Safe?
Not established.
There is insufficient evidence that adding vitamin K2 prevents vitamin D toxicity or eliminates risks from excessive vitamin D intake.
K2 should not be presented as a safeguard against inappropriate vitamin D dosing.
When Should You Take D3 + K2?
Both vitamins are fat-soluble.
Taking them with a meal containing dietary fat may support absorption.
There is no established universal advantage to taking this combination in the morning versus evening.
Practical takeaway: Appropriate dosing depends on nutritional needs and health circumstances, not simply choosing the highest-potency formula.
Safety and Important Considerations
Vitamin D and vitamin K are essential nutrients, but supplementation requires attention to dose, medical history, and medication use.
Vitamin D Toxicity
Excessive vitamin D supplementation can cause dangerously elevated blood calcium, known as hypercalcemia.
Potential symptoms include:
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Excessive thirst and frequent urination.
- Muscle weakness.
- Confusion.
- Kidney stones or kidney injury in severe cases.
Vitamin D toxicity generally results from excessive supplemental intake rather than ordinary food consumption or sunlight exposure.
Kidney Health
People with kidney disease, a history of kidney stones, or disorders affecting calcium metabolism may require individualized vitamin D recommendations.
Certain conditions can increase sensitivity to vitamin D.
High-dose supplementation should not be undertaken without appropriate guidance when these risks are present.
Vitamin K2 and Warfarin
This is a particularly important interaction.
Vitamin K can reduce the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and related vitamin K antagonist medications.
Changes in vitamin K intake can interfere with anticoagulation management.
People taking warfarin should not begin, stop, or substantially change vitamin K supplementation without guidance from the clinician managing their treatment.
Other Medication Interactions
Vitamin D supplements may interact with medications including:
- Thiazide diuretics, which can increase hypercalcemia risk in susceptible individuals.
- Certain corticosteroids, which can affect vitamin D and calcium metabolism.
- Orlistat, which can reduce absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Medication interactions depend on the specific drug and individual circumstances.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Vitamin D requirements differ during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
High-dose supplementation should be evaluated with an appropriate healthcare professional.
Vitamin K supplementation should also follow individual nutritional and medical guidance.
Product Quality
When choosing supplements, consider:
- Verified D3 and K2 amounts.
- Specific K2 form, such as MK-7.
- Independent quality testing.
- Manufacturer transparency.
- Clear labeling and appropriate warnings.
Practical takeaway: A higher-potency supplement is not automatically a better supplement. Appropriate dosing and individual safety matter more.
Common Myths and Misconceptions
Myth: Everyone should take 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 daily.
False.
Vitamin D requirements vary based on age, nutritional status, medical conditions, and other factors.
For most adults, 5,000 IU exceeds the established daily upper intake level of 4,000 IU.
Higher doses may be appropriate under medical supervision, but they are not a universal recommendation.
Myth: Vitamin K2 prevents vitamin D toxicity.
Not established.
There is insufficient clinical evidence that K2 protects against excessive vitamin D intake or prevents hypercalcemia.
Combining these nutrients does not eliminate the need for appropriate dosing.
Myth: K2 directs calcium into bones and away from arteries.
Oversimplified.
Vitamin K activates proteins involved in bone and vascular mineralization.
However, clinical research has not established that supplementation reliably redirects calcium or prevents cardiovascular disease.
Myth: D3 and K2 together prevent osteoporosis.
Not established.
Both nutrients have roles in skeletal physiology, but routine combined supplementation has not consistently prevented osteoporosis or fractures in generally healthy adults.
Myth: Vitamin D supplements automatically improve immunity.
False.
Vitamin D supports normal immune function, but additional supplementation does not guarantee fewer infections or stronger immunity in people with adequate vitamin D status.
Myth: More vitamin D means better athletic performance.
Not supported.
Correcting deficiency may improve related muscular problems.
However, additional vitamin D has not consistently improved strength or exercise performance in vitamin-D-sufficient adults.
Myth: Everyone needs routine vitamin D blood testing.
False.
Routine screening is generally not recommended for otherwise healthy adults without specific indications.
Testing may be appropriate when medical conditions or clinical concerns justify it.
Myth: Natural supplements cannot cause harm.
False.
Excessive vitamin D can cause serious toxicity, and vitamin K can interact with anticoagulant medications.
Supplement safety depends on dose, formulation, medications, and individual health circumstances.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do I need to take vitamin K2 with vitamin D3?
Not necessarily.
Both have important physiological roles, but clinical evidence does not establish that everyone taking vitamin D3 also needs K2.
Is vitamin D3 better than D2?
D3 generally raises and maintains blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations more effectively than D2.
Both forms can improve vitamin D status.
What's the difference between MK-4 and MK-7?
Both are forms of vitamin K2.
They differ in metabolism and circulation time. MK-7 generally remains in circulation longer, but that does not establish superior clinical outcomes for every purpose.
Can D3 + K2 improve bone density?
Possibly in certain circumstances, but benefits depend on nutritional status, population, dose, and other factors.
Research does not establish routine combined supplementation as a replacement for established bone-health interventions.
Can vitamin K2 reverse arterial calcification?
There is insufficient clinical evidence that K2 supplementation reliably reverses arterial calcification.
Is 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 safe?
It may be appropriate for certain individuals under professional guidance.
However, 5,000 IU exceeds the standard adult daily upper intake level of 4,000 IU and should not be considered a universal maintenance dose.
Should I get my vitamin D level tested?
Testing may be appropriate when clinical circumstances suggest deficiency or altered vitamin D metabolism.
Routine testing is not recommended for every otherwise healthy adult.
Can I take D3 + K2 with magnesium?
These nutrients have different physiological functions and may be used together when appropriate.
However, combining them does not guarantee additional benefits. Individual doses, medical conditions, and medications should be considered.
Can I take D3 + K2 while using blood thinners?
Vitamin K can interfere with warfarin and other vitamin K antagonists.
Anyone using these medications should consult the clinician managing anticoagulation before changing vitamin K intake.
Other anticoagulants have different interaction considerations.
Should I take D3 + K2 with food?
Taking fat-soluble vitamins with a meal containing some dietary fat may support absorption.
Follow the manufacturer's instructions and any individualized medical guidance.
Scientific References
1. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
Vitamin D: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.
Covers vitamin D physiology, recommended intakes, deficiency, toxicity, clinical outcomes, and medication interactions.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/
2. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
Vitamin K: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.
Reviews vitamin K1 and K2, bone-related proteins, vascular calcification research, recommended intakes, and anticoagulant interactions.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional/
3. Demay MB, et al. (2024)
Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
Provides recommendations on routine supplementation and vitamin D testing in generally healthy populations.
https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae290
4. LeBoff MS, et al. (2022)
Supplemental Vitamin D and Incident Fractures in Midlife and Older Adults.
New England Journal of Medicine.
The VITAL ancillary trial found no significant reduction in fractures with daily vitamin D3 supplementation among generally healthy adults not selected for deficiency.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202106
5. Kuang X, Liu C, Guo X, Li K, Deng Q, Li D. (2020).
The combination effect of vitamin K and vitamin D on human bone quality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Food & Function. 11(4):3280–3297.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C9FO03063H
6. Li T, Wang Y, Tu WP. (2023).
Vitamin K supplementation and vascular calcification: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Frontiers in Nutrition. 10:1115069.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1115069
7. Vossen LM, et al. (2026).
Two Years of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation and Coronary Artery Calcification: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
JAMA Cardiology. 11(8):719–726.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2026.1279
Research sources reviewed: November 2026. This guide draws on peer-reviewed studies, clinical guidelines, and authoritative nutrition references. Evidence concerning bone-density and vascular-imaging outcomes is distinguished from proven reductions in fractures or cardiovascular events.
Featured Products
Thorne Vitamin D + K2
Vitamin D3 + Vitamin K2 | 60 Capsules
Thorne Vitamin D + K2 combines two fat-soluble nutrients involved in normal calcium metabolism, bone health, and other physiological functions.
This is a higher-potency formula that warrants consideration of individual nutritional needs rather than routine use by everyone.
Product Highlights
- Vitamin D3: 125 mcg (5,000 IU) per capsule.
- Vitamin K2: 180 mcg per capsule.
- Vitamin K2 form: MK-7.
- 60 capsules per container.
- Combination of two fat-soluble vitamins.
- Serving size: 1 capsule. Servings per container: 60.
Important Dosing Consideration
One capsule provides 5,000 IU of vitamin D3.
This exceeds the standard adult Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 4,000 IU daily.
This does not automatically mean the product is unsafe for every individual, but it should not be presented as a universal daily supplement.
Higher-dose vitamin D supplementation may be appropriate in certain circumstances under professional guidance.
Adding K2 does not eliminate the risks associated with excessive vitamin D intake.
Medication Considerations
Vitamin K2 can interfere with warfarin and other vitamin K antagonist medications.
Individuals taking these medications should not begin or change vitamin K supplementation without guidance from the clinician managing their anticoagulation.
People with kidney disease, calcium metabolism disorders, or other relevant medical conditions should also seek individualized guidance.
Product Information
The ingredient amounts above are based on the Thorne capsule formulation reviewed for this guide.
Thorne's current directions state: Take one capsule daily or as recommended by a healthcare practitioner. This is manufacturer guidance, not a universal recommendation. Each capsule provides 5,000 IU vitamin D3, exceeding the U.S. adult Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 4,000 IU per day from all dietary and supplemental sources.
Other ingredients listed by Thorne include a hypromellose capsule, microcrystalline cellulose, and ascorbyl palmitate. Review the actual package label for current ingredients, directions, and precautions.
Do not confuse this capsule product with Thorne's separate liquid D/K2 formulations.
Availability: Coming Soon
Forged Line Collective is preparing its carefully selected supplement and performance nutrition assortment.
Thorne Vitamin D + K2 is a prospective retail product. Availability will be announced when retail authorization and operational arrangements are finalized.
Purchasing is not currently available.
Manufacturer information:
View Official Thorne Vitamin D + K2 Product Information
Important: The ingredient research presented in this guide does not establish that this specific Thorne formulation has demonstrated all discussed clinical outcomes.
The FLC Perspective
Vitamin D and vitamin K are essential nutrients. Their roles in normal human physiology are well established.
But there's a significant difference between needing adequate amounts of these vitamins and benefiting from additional supplementation.
Vitamin D supports calcium absorption and skeletal health. Vitamin K contributes to normal blood clotting and the activation of proteins involved in bone metabolism.
Those functions matter.
What remains less certain is whether combining D3 and K2 produces superior outcomes for everyone, particularly when it comes to fracture prevention, cardiovascular protection, and longevity.
At Forged Line Collective, we believe supplementation should address a meaningful need.
Higher doses, more ingredients, and more complicated formulas aren't automatically better.
The right supplement depends on the individual, the evidence, and the intended purpose.
Understand what your body needs. Know what the research supports. Choose products with purpose.
Built for More.
Educational information only. This guide is not individualized medical advice and does not present vitamin D3 or K2 as treatments for medical conditions. Supplement decisions should consider nutritional status, medications, medical history, and the manufacturer's current label.